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B2: Quiz 12 – Answers
B2: Quiz 12 – Answers
1)
a) The heart
b)
i) The build-up of fatty substances/ fatty materials/ cholesterol (LDL)/ degenerative material on the walls of the coronary arteries
ii) The build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries decreases the size of the cavity/ lumen in the coronary arteries, which results in less blood travelling through the coronary arteries to the muscles in the heart. A reduction in blood travelling to the muscles in the heart reduces the amount of oxygen that the heart muscles receive. If the muscles in the heart are supplied with so little oxygen, they cannot respire, which may result in a heart attack.
c) Some sort of blockage in the lumen of the artery
a) The heart
b)
i) The build-up of fatty substances/ fatty materials/ cholesterol (LDL)/ degenerative material on the walls of the coronary arteries
ii) The build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries decreases the size of the cavity/ lumen in the coronary arteries, which results in less blood travelling through the coronary arteries to the muscles in the heart. A reduction in blood travelling to the muscles in the heart reduces the amount of oxygen that the heart muscles receive. If the muscles in the heart are supplied with so little oxygen, they cannot respire, which may result in a heart attack.
c) Some sort of blockage in the lumen of the artery
2)
a) A stent is a tiny wire mesh tube that is inserted into the coronary arteries. The stent pushes against the walls of the artery, which keeps the coronary arteries open, thus making sure that sufficient blood can pass through the coronary arteries to the muscles in the heart. This means that the muscles in the heart are supplied with plenty of oxygen from blood, which reduces the risk of a heart attack occurring
b) Any 1 from:
- stents are inserted via a surgical operation which contains risks (infection, complications etc)
- a patient could develop thrombosis (a blood clod near the stent)
3)
a) Statins are drugs that lower the level of LDL/ “bad” cholesterol in blood, which reduces the build-up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries. This keeps the coronary arteries clear, which means that more blood can flow through the coronary arteries to the muscles in the heart and therefore, more oxygen can be supplied to the muscles in the heart. This lowers the risk of an individual having coronary heart disease, a heart attack and a stroke. Statins also increase the amount of HDL/ “good” cholesterol in blood.
b) Any 2 from,
- they are drugs that need to be taken every day. If an individual stops taking statins, the benefits of the statins are gone
- it takes a while for statins to take effect
- there are quite a lot of side effects from statins – these include headaches, liver damage and kidney failure
4)
a) A natural heart transplant is where a heart from an individual who has just died is transplanted/ inserted/ given to an individual who has heart failure
b) Any two from:
- the heart could be rejected by the immune system of the individual receiving the heart
- it takes a very long time for an appropriate donor heart to become available
- the surgical procedure for a heart transplant is very invasive so there may be complications or infections caused by the operation
d)
i) Any two from:
- they are a good temporary fix, which keeps a person alive until an appropriate donor heart is found
- they can be used to pump blood around the body, which takes strain off of an individual’s heart, thus giving their heart time to recover
- artificial hearts will not be rejected by the immune system because they are made from metal and plastic
- blood does not flow through an artificial heart as well as it does through a natural heart
- the artificial heart may get worn out and stop working
- there are risks of internal bleeding during surgery
5)
a) Valves ensure that blood passes through the heart in one direction/ so that there is no backflow of blood
b) The two ways are:
- the valves may not close properly, which means that blood can flow in both directions through the heart
- the valve tissue may become narrow or stiff, which restricts the flow of blood through the valve. This requires the heart to pump blood at a greater pressure, which puts strain on the heart
d) Any from:
- there are risks associated with the surgical procedure such as complications and infections
- there is a risk of blood clots
6)
a) Artificial blood is a substitute for real blood (an example is saline). Artificial blood is used to replace the volume of lost blood after an accident so that the circulatory system can work effectively
b) Blood transfusion
Questions
1)
a) Where are the coronary arteries found?
b) A blockage in the coronary arteries can lead to a heart attack.
i) What causes the blockages in the coronary arteries?
ii) Explain why a blockage in the coronary arteries can lead to a heart attack.
c) The diagram below shows a cross section of a coronary artery for someone that does not have coronary heart disease.
1)
a) Where are the coronary arteries found?
b) A blockage in the coronary arteries can lead to a heart attack.
i) What causes the blockages in the coronary arteries?
ii) Explain why a blockage in the coronary arteries can lead to a heart attack.
c) The diagram below shows a cross section of a coronary artery for someone that does not have coronary heart disease.
Use the above diagram to show what the coronary artery would look like for someone that has coronary heart disease.
2) Stents can be used to treat someone who is suffering from coronary heart disease.
a) What is a stent and explain how it lowers the risk of a heart attack.
b) Give 1 negative of using stents to treat someone with coronary heart disease.
3) Statins can be used to treat someone who is suffering from or could develop coronary heart disease.
a) What are statins and explain how they lower the risk of a heart attack.
b) Give 2 negatives of using statins to treat people who are suffering from or could develop coronary heart disease.
4) Patients that have heart failure can have heart transplants. The heart transplants can be natural (from a donor) or artificial.
a) Explain what a natural heart transplant is.
b) Give two disadvantages/ problems for natural heart transplants.
c) Out of a natural heart or an artificial heart, which one does blood flow through better?
d)
i) Give 2 positives of an artificial heart transplant.
ii) Give 1 negative of an artificial heart transplant.
5) The heart has 4 valves.
a) Why do we have valves in the heart?
b) There are two different ways that heart valves can be damaged. What are these two different ways and explain the issues with each of the ways.
c) We can replace faulty valves in the heart. What are the two different categories/ types of replacement valves?
d) Give 1 risk of having a valve replaced.
6)
a) What is artificial blood and when is it used?
b) An individual in a car crash has lot too many of their red blood cells meaning that we cannot use artificial blood. How would doctors treat this individual?
2) Stents can be used to treat someone who is suffering from coronary heart disease.
a) What is a stent and explain how it lowers the risk of a heart attack.
b) Give 1 negative of using stents to treat someone with coronary heart disease.
3) Statins can be used to treat someone who is suffering from or could develop coronary heart disease.
a) What are statins and explain how they lower the risk of a heart attack.
b) Give 2 negatives of using statins to treat people who are suffering from or could develop coronary heart disease.
4) Patients that have heart failure can have heart transplants. The heart transplants can be natural (from a donor) or artificial.
a) Explain what a natural heart transplant is.
b) Give two disadvantages/ problems for natural heart transplants.
c) Out of a natural heart or an artificial heart, which one does blood flow through better?
d)
i) Give 2 positives of an artificial heart transplant.
ii) Give 1 negative of an artificial heart transplant.
5) The heart has 4 valves.
a) Why do we have valves in the heart?
b) There are two different ways that heart valves can be damaged. What are these two different ways and explain the issues with each of the ways.
c) We can replace faulty valves in the heart. What are the two different categories/ types of replacement valves?
d) Give 1 risk of having a valve replaced.
6)
a) What is artificial blood and when is it used?
b) An individual in a car crash has lot too many of their red blood cells meaning that we cannot use artificial blood. How would doctors treat this individual?