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B2: Quiz 14 – Answers
B2: Quiz 14 – Answers
1)
a) Risk factors are factors that increase the likelihood of an individual developing a certain disease
b) No (risk factors do not mean that you will definitely develop the disease; they just mean that you have an increased chance of developing the disease)
2)
a) Any 2 such as age, gender, genes etc
b) Any 2 such as diet, smoking, lying on sunbeds, excessive alcohol consumption etc
3) Any 3 from smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, family history of cardiovascular disease and ethnicity
4)
a) Cigarettes contain nicotine which increases an individual’s heart rate and blood pressure. High blood pressure can damage the walls of arteries, which can cause fatty deposits to build up in arteries, which increases the risk of a blood clot, heart attack or stroke. In addition, smoking leads to carbon monoxide entering your body due to incomplete combustion. The red blood cells in our blood will combine with the carbon monoxide rather than oxygen, which reduces the body’s ability to take oxygen around the body. To overcome this, a smoker’s heart rate and blood pressure increase. Both of these effects can put a greater strain on the heart, which increases the chances of developing cardiovascular disease.
b) Lung cancer or lung disease
5) Cirrhosis of the liver or liver disease
6) Obesity
7)
a) Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables
b) Causation is where a change in one variable causes a change in other variables. For risk factors, causation means that a change in one factor/ variable causes a change in the chances of developing a certain disease
8)
a) Any 2 from:
a) Risk factors are factors that increase the likelihood of an individual developing a certain disease
b) No (risk factors do not mean that you will definitely develop the disease; they just mean that you have an increased chance of developing the disease)
2)
a) Any 2 such as age, gender, genes etc
b) Any 2 such as diet, smoking, lying on sunbeds, excessive alcohol consumption etc
3) Any 3 from smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, family history of cardiovascular disease and ethnicity
4)
a) Cigarettes contain nicotine which increases an individual’s heart rate and blood pressure. High blood pressure can damage the walls of arteries, which can cause fatty deposits to build up in arteries, which increases the risk of a blood clot, heart attack or stroke. In addition, smoking leads to carbon monoxide entering your body due to incomplete combustion. The red blood cells in our blood will combine with the carbon monoxide rather than oxygen, which reduces the body’s ability to take oxygen around the body. To overcome this, a smoker’s heart rate and blood pressure increase. Both of these effects can put a greater strain on the heart, which increases the chances of developing cardiovascular disease.
b) Lung cancer or lung disease
5) Cirrhosis of the liver or liver disease
6) Obesity
7)
a) Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables
b) Causation is where a change in one variable causes a change in other variables. For risk factors, causation means that a change in one factor/ variable causes a change in the chances of developing a certain disease
8)
a) Any 2 from:
- A reduced quality of life
- A reduction in life span
- The effect on family members whilst the individual with the disease is alive or has died etc
- Non-communicable diseases cost a lot of money to treat and put pressure on healthcare resources
- Some individuals with non-communicable diseases will be so unwell that they will be unable to work and therefore may not be able to obtain a high enough income to pay for everything that they need. The non-communicable disease may result in poverty/ financial hardship for the individual and their family
- If an individual in a family has died from the non-communicable disease, the family will experience a loss in income which will more than likely result in a lower quality of life for the family members
Questions
1)
a) Define risk factors.
b) Do risk factors for a particular disease mean that you will definitely develop that disease; yes or no?
2) The risk factors for different diseases can be split into unavoidable and lifestyle (avoidable) risk factors.
a) Give 2 examples of unavoidable risk factors for any disease.
b) Give 2 examples of lifestyle (avoidable) risk factors for any disease.
3) Give 3 risk factors that are associated with cardiovascular disease.
4)
a) Explain why smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Write quite a lot.
b) In addition to cardiovascular disease, give one other disease that smoking is a risk factor for.
5) Excessive drinking is a direct risk factor for which disease?
6) Give a direct risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
7) When proving risk factors, we need to be really careful to ensure that there is causation between the risk factor and the disease, rather than just correlation between the risk factor and the disease.
a) What is correlation?
b) What is causation?
8) The effects of non-communicable diseases can be split into human and financial.
a) Give 2 examples of the human effects.
b) Give 2 examples of the financial effects.
1)
a) Define risk factors.
b) Do risk factors for a particular disease mean that you will definitely develop that disease; yes or no?
2) The risk factors for different diseases can be split into unavoidable and lifestyle (avoidable) risk factors.
a) Give 2 examples of unavoidable risk factors for any disease.
b) Give 2 examples of lifestyle (avoidable) risk factors for any disease.
3) Give 3 risk factors that are associated with cardiovascular disease.
4)
a) Explain why smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Write quite a lot.
b) In addition to cardiovascular disease, give one other disease that smoking is a risk factor for.
5) Excessive drinking is a direct risk factor for which disease?
6) Give a direct risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
7) When proving risk factors, we need to be really careful to ensure that there is causation between the risk factor and the disease, rather than just correlation between the risk factor and the disease.
a) What is correlation?
b) What is causation?
8) The effects of non-communicable diseases can be split into human and financial.
a) Give 2 examples of the human effects.
b) Give 2 examples of the financial effects.