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B3: Quiz 8 – Answers
B3: Quiz 8 – Answers
1) The three main reasons are:
2) The two parts before clinical trials are:
3)
a) We test the drug on healthy volunteers to see if the drug is safe
b) The dosage given to these healthy volunteers is very small to start with and then we increase the dosage overtime. We start with a small dosage to ensure that the drug does not have any harmful side effects (toxicity)
4)
a) A placebo is a sugar pill that has no effect
b) In the main clinical trials, one of the groups is given the drug (test group) and the other group is given a placebo (control group). We then compare the outcomes for both of the groups to see if the drug has a significant effect on treating the illness that the drug was designed to treat
c) A blind trial is where the volunteers do not know if they are taking the drug or the placebo, but the researchers do know who is taking the drug and who is taking the placebo. Double blind is where both the volunteers and researchers do not know who is taking the drug and who is taking the placebo.
d) Double blind trials exist so that researchers do not give away clues as to which group the volunteers are in (the test group or the control group). If the researchers did give clues, it may change how a volunteer feels and this can make the data less reliable.
e) The report will be peer reviewed to ensure that everything in the clinical trials was carried out correctly and other researchers agree with the claims that the report says; the peer reviewing ensures that the repot is not bias
- Toxicity – this refers to how harmful the drug is. Is the drug safe for human consumption? Are there any undesired side effects?
- Efficacy – this refers to whether the drug has the desired effect on the body. Does the drug solve the issue that it is trying to solve?
- Dosage – what is the optimal dosage for the drug? This will be the optimal dosage that produces the desired effect (efficacy) whilst having as few side effects as possible (toxicity).
2) The two parts before clinical trials are:
- The first is the testing of the drug on human cells and tissue in a lab
- The second is the testing of the drug on live mammals. British law requires drugs to be tested on 2 different live mammals
3)
a) We test the drug on healthy volunteers to see if the drug is safe
b) The dosage given to these healthy volunteers is very small to start with and then we increase the dosage overtime. We start with a small dosage to ensure that the drug does not have any harmful side effects (toxicity)
4)
a) A placebo is a sugar pill that has no effect
b) In the main clinical trials, one of the groups is given the drug (test group) and the other group is given a placebo (control group). We then compare the outcomes for both of the groups to see if the drug has a significant effect on treating the illness that the drug was designed to treat
c) A blind trial is where the volunteers do not know if they are taking the drug or the placebo, but the researchers do know who is taking the drug and who is taking the placebo. Double blind is where both the volunteers and researchers do not know who is taking the drug and who is taking the placebo.
d) Double blind trials exist so that researchers do not give away clues as to which group the volunteers are in (the test group or the control group). If the researchers did give clues, it may change how a volunteer feels and this can make the data less reliable.
e) The report will be peer reviewed to ensure that everything in the clinical trials was carried out correctly and other researchers agree with the claims that the report says; the peer reviewing ensures that the repot is not bias
Questions
1) What are the three main reasons why we test drugs? Give a short definition of each of the reasons.
2) There are two different parts of the testing of drugs before the drugs go to clinical trials. What are these two parts?
3) The first stage in clinical trials involves testing the drug on healthy volunteers.
a) Why do we test the drug on healthy volunteers?
b) What do the researchers do with the dosage of the drug given to healthy volunteers? Explain your answer.
4)
a) What is a placebo?
b) Why do we use two groups in the main clinical trials? Explain what each of the groups are given.
c) What is the difference between blind and double-blind trials?
d) Why would we use double-blind trials?
e) After clinical trials, the research group/ pharmaceutical company will produce a report with their findings. Why does the report need to be peer reviewed?
1) What are the three main reasons why we test drugs? Give a short definition of each of the reasons.
2) There are two different parts of the testing of drugs before the drugs go to clinical trials. What are these two parts?
3) The first stage in clinical trials involves testing the drug on healthy volunteers.
a) Why do we test the drug on healthy volunteers?
b) What do the researchers do with the dosage of the drug given to healthy volunteers? Explain your answer.
4)
a) What is a placebo?
b) Why do we use two groups in the main clinical trials? Explain what each of the groups are given.
c) What is the difference between blind and double-blind trials?
d) Why would we use double-blind trials?
e) After clinical trials, the research group/ pharmaceutical company will produce a report with their findings. Why does the report need to be peer reviewed?