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B6: Quiz 11 – Answers
B6: Quiz 11 – Answers
1)
a)
i) A plasmid is a circular loop of DNA that is mainly found in bacteria
ii) A virus
b) The two enzymes are:
2) Restriction enzymes isolate/ cut out the gene for human insulin and cut open the plasmid/ vector. The cutting out of the gene and cutting open of the plasmid leaves sticky ends.
Ligase enzymes join the sticky ends of the human insulin gene and the plasmid/ vector together. This gives us what is known as recombinant DNA
The plasmid/ vector with the human insulin gene is inserted into a bacteria cell. The bacteria will produce human insulin because it has the gene for human insulin. The bacteria will then multiply, which results in lots of bacteria that can all produce human insulin.
3) Any 3 from:
4)
a) Genetically modified
b) Any 3 from:
i) A herbicide is a chemical that kills weeds
ii) The farmer can spray herbicides onto a field. The herbicides will kill the weeds in the field, and will not kill the GM crops because the GM crops contain the herbicide resistant gene. So, the weeds die, and the GM crops don’t
iii) These individuals are concerned that the herbicide resistant gene may be transferred from the GM crops to the weeds, which could create a superweed that won’t be killed by herbicides – this would create problems for farmers growing crops
d) The 2 best benefits are:
5) Any one from:
a)
i) A plasmid is a circular loop of DNA that is mainly found in bacteria
ii) A virus
b) The two enzymes are:
- Restriction enzymes that cut out the desired gene and cut open the plasmid
- Ligase enzymes that join the sticky ends of the desired gene and the plasmid together
2) Restriction enzymes isolate/ cut out the gene for human insulin and cut open the plasmid/ vector. The cutting out of the gene and cutting open of the plasmid leaves sticky ends.
Ligase enzymes join the sticky ends of the human insulin gene and the plasmid/ vector together. This gives us what is known as recombinant DNA
The plasmid/ vector with the human insulin gene is inserted into a bacteria cell. The bacteria will produce human insulin because it has the gene for human insulin. The bacteria will then multiply, which results in lots of bacteria that can all produce human insulin.
3) Any 3 from:
- Genetically engineering crops so that they are resistant to diseases, herbicides and insects. We can also genetically modify them to change their size, taste or colour
- Cows and sheep can be genetically modified to produce certain substances in their milk, such as drugs and vitamins
- Rice can be modified to contain certain minerals
- Medical researchers are exploring the possibility of genetic modifications to overcome some existing inherited disorders – this is known as gene therapy
4)
a) Genetically modified
b) Any 3 from:
- resistant to diseases
- resistant to insects
- produce bigger fruit
- modify the taste of their fruit
- modify the colour of their fruit
i) A herbicide is a chemical that kills weeds
ii) The farmer can spray herbicides onto a field. The herbicides will kill the weeds in the field, and will not kill the GM crops because the GM crops contain the herbicide resistant gene. So, the weeds die, and the GM crops don’t
iii) These individuals are concerned that the herbicide resistant gene may be transferred from the GM crops to the weeds, which could create a superweed that won’t be killed by herbicides – this would create problems for farmers growing crops
d) The 2 best benefits are:
- GM crops generally produce a bigger yield, which can help meet global demand for food and increase earnings for farmers
- We can add certain minerals/ vitamins/ substances to the crops so that the food that we harvest contains these minerals/ vitamins/ substances. This can help solve malnutrition/ reduce the chances of individuals developing diseases by having insufficient quantities of minerals/ vitamins/ substances
5) Any one from:
- Some individuals are concerned about the effects that GM crops will have on the population of wildflowers, which affects the number of insects and therefore the level of biodiversity
- Some individuals do not believe that the effects of eating GM crops on human health has been fully explored
Questions
1)
a)
i) Genetic engineering uses vectors. An example of a vector used in genetic engineering is a plasmid. What is a plasmid and where are plasmids usually found?
ii) In addition to plasmids, what is another vector that can be used in genetic engineering?
b) Genetic engineering involves two different enzymes. What are the names of these enzymes and what do each of the enzymes do?
c) What does recombinant DNA mean?
2) Describe the steps involved in genetically engineering bacteria so that the bacteria produce human insulin.
3) Give 3 other uses of genetic engineering. Do not say genetically engineering bacteria so that they produce human insulin.
4)
a) What does the GM in GM crops stand for?
b) Give 3 ways that we can genetically engineer crops. Don’t say anything to do with making crops resistant to herbicides.
c) Herbicides are sometimes sprayed on crops.
i) What are herbicides and what do they do?
ii) We can create GM crops that are resistant to herbicides. Why would herbicide resistant GM crops be useful for farmers?
iii) Some scientists are concerned about the effect that herbicide resistant GM crops will have on weeds. What are their concerns?
d) Give 2 benefits of GM crops.
5) Apart from the concerns in question 4 c iii, give one other concern that some individuals have with genetically engineered food.
1)
a)
i) Genetic engineering uses vectors. An example of a vector used in genetic engineering is a plasmid. What is a plasmid and where are plasmids usually found?
ii) In addition to plasmids, what is another vector that can be used in genetic engineering?
b) Genetic engineering involves two different enzymes. What are the names of these enzymes and what do each of the enzymes do?
c) What does recombinant DNA mean?
2) Describe the steps involved in genetically engineering bacteria so that the bacteria produce human insulin.
3) Give 3 other uses of genetic engineering. Do not say genetically engineering bacteria so that they produce human insulin.
4)
a) What does the GM in GM crops stand for?
b) Give 3 ways that we can genetically engineer crops. Don’t say anything to do with making crops resistant to herbicides.
c) Herbicides are sometimes sprayed on crops.
i) What are herbicides and what do they do?
ii) We can create GM crops that are resistant to herbicides. Why would herbicide resistant GM crops be useful for farmers?
iii) Some scientists are concerned about the effect that herbicide resistant GM crops will have on weeds. What are their concerns?
d) Give 2 benefits of GM crops.
5) Apart from the concerns in question 4 c iii, give one other concern that some individuals have with genetically engineered food.